The Location and Global Network Structure

Question: Give the review on followin points.. Demonstrate an understanding of the theoretical and methodological issues addressed in the research. Include a critical examination of the rationale and methodology employed. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses as well as limitations of the article. Indicate what the implications of the weaknesses and limitations are Indicate how the authors can improve the paper Finish with an overall evaluation of the article Be well written: clear, concise and error-free. Answer: Jacobs, Wouter, Koster, Hans Hall, Peter 2011, The Location and Global Network Structure of Maritime Advanced Producer Services, Urban Studies, vol. 48, no. 13, pp. 27492769 While the current article revolves around a few theoretical queries on the functional relationship of advanced producer services with management and maritime sector, and presents a well examined picture of micro determinants affecting their outcomes, the replication of ideas do not seem fully clear. And taking the outcomes in their face value, the authors claim their findings to be important for policy people involved in maritime cities. At one side, the authors apprehend the investments undertaken in expansion of ports and the infrastructure thereof definitely accrue enhancement in flow of cargos using the ports, at the same time do not really find much evidence to support the idea how this would lead to increased value addition into the current economy of the region in specialized or advanced type of services. At the same time, authors seem to be have a hitch that enhanced cargo flow by virtue of their power to undermine the amenities present in urban areas, could negatively affect the possibility of getting more advanced type of service with a lot of significance in provision of specialized and advanced kind of service in maritime sectors. Based on this intuition the authors infer that more of such investments in sea port based hardware infrastructures aiming for future major growths in the flow of commodities would necessarily not end in producing advanced provision of services in surrounding urban areas, rather would create a risk for these areas to increasingly become closed in. As opposed to this idea, the article recommends that the focus of strategic policies for port cities should dwell on getting on board many ship owners head quarter based offices and industries on port management matching with the advanced maritime management services. Taking this model for replication in sectors other than maritime, this article suggest the policy makers who are involved with economic developments of urban areas to pay closer attention into developing actual level connections between other sectors and advanced producer services. However keeping a caution in place about the theoretical model of applying this idea across the b oard, the authors again suggest that rather than taking a few dominant level global cities that has power to afford to policies on advanced service based activities, the urban policy makers should pay higher attention to such relationships among already existing sectors involved in export of goods and services. The paper seems quite relevant for research of current time as there has been a significant magnitude of empirical research on world class cities added with urban level networks that has emphasized greatly on networks within firms involved with advanced producer services. These services and networks helps in connecting cities which in turn enable the production of services and goods to a higher scale. In this study, a comparative analysis has been undertaken between general levels advanced producer services and those which have got specialization in services rendered to transport industries in maritime sector considering 2 major constructs such as location of advances services and connectivity network of the same. It dwells on the established knowledge that these specializations in maritime industries have a positive impact on varying hierarchy in global level urban system vis-a-vis conventional research on world city. At the same time the intriguing question that surrounds the autho rs are whether the specificity inbuilt in a sector as such would not explain fully why high ranked cities by better connectivity and establishments unlike the case of world ranked cities. The article spins around a number of questions about the both theoretical basis and methodological applications to find a causal relationship between existing externals factors and configuration involving locational-network dyad in advanced and specialized maritime sector production service. The specific question from this author dwells on the magnitude of impact caused by sector level specialization on advanced producer services locational pattern and spatial distribution of networks among cities. This question of the authors finds its origin from a theoretic critique of literature and other sources that develop some sort of belief that the specificity of sectors may have a causal relationship with special pattern and locational configuration in urban level networks. As an extra addition to these ideas, the current article goes a few more miles in testing the same in maritime sector thinking that agglomeration tendency of ports in certain places may produce similar results. The auth ors dwell on 3 hypotheses about the nature of agglomeration, such as this phenomenon would happen in maritime sector near existing sea ports, proximity to global level shipping and port-based industries at local economy based communities and near providers of similar advanced services. One of the positive points of the article is that it uses a major data base with clear cut design to measure the networks and an econometric model to explain the variability in explanatory variables. It has employed the World Shipping Register, which presents one of the largest data base on shipping companies by type and location. While the authors claim this to be well updated, they cleaned the data before analysis by removing multiple entries and AMPS locations zeroing at 4999 firms of AMPS category, more than ten thousand establishments across 2569 number of cities and specifically 702 number of firms with multiple establishments for undertaking network analyses. The paper uses a methodologically strong and sound process to analyses the raw data from the source. It constructs port related variables, localization factors, and urban variable from connectivity and establishment data following regression analyses. In developing the network constructs, the authors used location related information for different establishments annual reports and relevant websites and classified them into firms of regional, global and country HQs. They have followed the behavioral and social network based 3 models of Taylor (2001), such as economy of the world, base of service production the nodes or cities, and firms providing advanced producer service. The article uses econometric model by giving clear rationale about the nature of data and kind of limits the statistic provide. Since the dependent variables of this study suffer high variance compared to mean, the enhanced dispersion was chosen to be analyzed by negative binomial model of regression, hence this technique used in the paper seems to be a valid one. Hence the critical review of this article shows that the authors aim to find causal relationship among specific variables and examining them in the line of existing theoretical models are achieved to a higher extent. One of the most significant causal relationship the article contributes to the research sphere is that the bivariate and multivariate analyses employed by this study finding the service locations being explained more by clients presence, owners of ships and industry rather than the port itself across the flows. This finding further strengthens the established theoretical models on location of business points emphasizing spatial type of proximity existing with firms, thereby supporting theory of bigger port cities obtaining higher rank than center merely depending on load services across different countries. The paper has societal relevance in terms of designing proper policies, towards achieving holistic progress. However a minor component seem to be missing in this arti cle that it does not separately consider countries with small and large level of economy with infrastructure level differentials. However the data it has used and the models employed to examine the causal links are valid and hence reliable for similar contexts, hence conclusions are also deemed justified. Hence this article can be recommended for reference by academia for further research, and by policy makers while designing the urban development frameworks. Reference: 1. Acobs, W., Ducruet, C. De Langen, P. 2010, Integrating world cities into production networks: the case of port cities, Global Networks, vol.10, no.1, pp. 92113.2. Alderson, A. S., Beckfield, J. and Sprague-Jones, J. (2010) Intercity relations and globalisation: the evolution of the global urban hierarchy, 19812007, Urban Studies, 47(9), pp. 18991923.3. Boschken, Herman L. 2013, Global Cities Are Coastal Cities Too: Paradox in Sustainability?, Urban Studies, vol. 50 no. pp.1760-17784. Derudder, B., Taylor, P. J., Ni, P. et al. (2010) Pathways of change: shifting connectivities in the world city network, 20002008, Urban Studies, 47(9), pp. 186118775. Derudder, B. Parnreiter, C. 2014, Introduction: The Interlocking Network Model for Studying Urban Networks: Outline, Potential, Critiques, and Ways Forward, Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, vol.105, no.4, pp. 3733866. Jacobs, Wouter, Koster, Hans Hall, Peter 2011, The Location and Global Network Structure of Maritim e Advanced Producer Services, Urban Studies, vol. 48, no. 13, pp. 274927697. Hall, P. V. (2009) Container ports, local benefits and transportation worker earnings, GeoJournal, 74, pp. 6783.8. Lthi, S., Thierstein, A. and Goebel, V. (2010) Intra-firm and extra-firm linkages of the knowledge economy: the case of the mega-city region of Munich, Global Networks, 10(1), pp. 114137.9. Peter V. Halla Wouter Jacobsb 2010, Why are maritime ports (still) urban, and why should policy-makers care?, Maritime Policy Management: The flagship journal of international shipping and port research, vol. 39, no. pp. 189-20610. Sassen, S. (2010) Global inter-city networks and commodity chains: any intersections?, Global Networks, 10(1), pp. 150163.11. Taylor, P. J. (2001) Specification of the world city network, Geographical Analysis, 33(2), pp. 181194.

Major Themes of the Quran

Introduction Various people have written about the Quran seeking to find out what it says about God. The Qur’an is an important book to the Muslim society. It provides guidance and directions about God or rather Allah according to Muslims. Muslims believe that the Quran speaks for itself.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Major Themes of the Qur’an specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Various interpretations that have been advanced by different people serve to join the ideas together. Therefore, the Qur’an is a book that contains God’s message to man. The paper delineates on Rahman’s book ‘Major Themes of the Qur’an seeking to explain the relationship between people and God, as well as the main principles that God expects from people. Relationship between people and God according to Rahman’s book â€Å"Major Themes of the Quran† Qur’an is a b ook that is aimed at communicating spiritual information to man. According to Rahman, the relationship between God and man is special and one that is above any other thing that God created. God is the creator of the universe and its composition that includes man to whom he provides guidance. In fact, Rahman says, â€Å"He is Creator and Sustainer of the universe and of man† (1). Accordingly, He will judge man both on individual and collective basis. Everything that goes in the mind of man is known to God because He is the maker and source of life to man. This is captured in the quote, â€Å"We created man and we know the negative whisperings of his mind are and we are near to him than his jugular vein† (Rahman 2). This shows that man is indeed close to God in terms of appearance and likeness. He is the only one who understands what is going to happen to man. God is a merciful God. His judgment to man is based on mercy after man having fallen short of His glory. God hav ing created man in His own image explains the reason behind His mercy. The relationship therefore between God and man is that of a master and a servant. Man is required to serve God besides being obedient to Him because He is the one who created him. â€Å"Qur’an is man and his behavior, not God’s’ (Rahman 2). Therefore, the relationship that exists between God and man is centered on judgment, either as individual, collective, or social existence. Qur’an is centered on the behavior of man, as it seeks to highlight the conducts of man and the need for man to respect and obey the teachings of God. Man has a duty to seek God to be able to find Him and know him. Man has this duty and should he be unable to find or seek God, he cannot find his grace and love. â€Å"If you cannot find God you will never prove him†, â€Å"the only straight path leads to God† (Rahman 2).Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, the relationship between God and man is based on seeking and finding. Man has needs/problems. To find a solution to the challenges, he is mandated to seek God’s indulgence. Rahman argues that God is infinite. He cannot be equated to any other thing that He created. Everything that is on earth is going to vanish except God. Human beings or rather man is one of God’s creations that will be taken away when the last day comes. â€Å"Everything thereon is vanishing†¦remaining only the Face of Your Lord† (Rahman 3). Therefore, man has the duty to continue serving Him to enter God’s kingdom. Those who discern Him or run away from Him will face His wrath. â€Å"Do not be like those who forgot God and [eventually] God caused them to forget themselves† (Rahman 3). According to Rahman, the purpose of man is to â€Å"serve God† (6). God has entrusted man with knowled ge and potentialities to use the armor of God and the nature that God has created him to serve Him. Man has the discretion to use the knowledge and everything that God has created in the universe to do according to His will. Man has the freedom of doing either good or bad. The decision is dependent on man’s choice that God has given him. God communicates with man through various messages that He sends to help in his judgment and choice of doing either good or bad. The relationship between God and man is based on faith in God. Man is required to have faith in God and besides abiding by His words. Therefore, those who deny the existence of God such as the materialistic atheists who do not believe in God have their places when God comes back to judge their deeds. The relationship of God and man comes into reality because God provides unity and value to man. God and man are friends. In fact, Rahman says, â€Å"God, then, becomes the friend of and cooperates with a person who has ‘discovered Him† (8). This friendship is only established when man seeks or finds God. When man searches for God and finds Him, they two form a positive/mutual relationship. Man can therefore find shelter and a home in God. He can therefore seek assistance from God. According to Rahman, God will not judge people based on all the lapses that they committed. However, He is gong to judge them based on their overall performance. If their performance is good, the other lapses that human beings or man has committed shall not be factored in during the judgment day. The Quran, as Rahman reveals, has various scriptures that â€Å"indicate that God will pardon or overlook men’s lapses provided the overall performance is good and beneficial† (21). This shows that the relationship of God and man is indeed not bad but one that is formed based on sympathy and mercy. This is also demonstrated in the quote â€Å"God does not require from any person what is beyond his or her power† (Rahman 21). God will only judge individuals based on their scope of knowledge and power.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Major Themes of the Qur’an specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Main principles that God is expecting from people according to Rahman’s book According to Rahman book, God expects man to follow and do according to His will. God has given man wisdom and knowledge. He has given him the mandate to rule over other creations in the universe. However, God expects man to serve Him by always doing well according to His will. Those people or human beings who go against the will of God are expected to face harsh treatment or punishment. This is quoted in the book, â€Å"for his real nature is to be exalted† (Rahman 15). Man has to struggle through thick and thin to find the path of life. God has done this intentionally and out of His mercy to ensure that Man do es not suffer or go into hell. Furthermore, God requires people to trust and believe in Him. He is the alpha and omega. Therefore, people should not go in their own ways. Any person who removes God in His/her conscience removes the purpose and the meaning of his/her life. He/she is classified as an unrighteous person. God expects man to follow His own nature as opposed to other creatures, which must follow their nature automatically. God has given man the privilege to choose from what is good and bad. There are many vicissitudes in the life of human beings. Therefore, man should be very careful to avoid falling away from God. God expects people to follow His commandants. When God created Adam and breathed in him life, He expected him to abide by the laws and the rules that he was given by God. However, he went against the will of God to commit sin. Rahman says, â€Å"they are contented to live their lives from day to day, indeed from hour to hour, â€Å"they are like cattle, indee d, worse† (14). God also expects people to respect and uphold the principle of equality. All human beings are equal before God. Therefore, they should respect one another. People should not be proud even after God uplifts them. People need to respect their fellow human beings. This is even agitated by the Quran, â€Å"the reason the Quran emphasizes essential human equality†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Rahman 31). Furthermore, God expects people to respect His commands because He is the creator of all the living things, people inclusive. God has created every living and nonliving thing with measure. Therefore, people need to abide by God and respect His commandments. â€Å"We have created everything with a measure†¦if things should break their laws and violate their measure; there would be not an ordered universe, but chaos† (Rahman 46). Rahman also asserts that men are selfish, pride, and narrow-minded, as they worship their gods instead of worshipping God who created them. Th ey run away from the truth by opting to shortcuts where they engage in activities or actions that are against the will of God. God however expects people to come near Him to know Him better besides worshipping Him to be set free. People get involved in falsehood. According to Rahman, men â€Å"†¦worship of false gods, the holy seems unholy, and vice versa† (Rahman 74).Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More God expects people to have fear of His name. The fear of God in literal sense means that people need to respect and recognize the existence of a supernatural being who is beyond them and one who requires honor and praise. God is the one who formed the universe and created man. Therefore, He has the mandate to command everything under the universe because it is through His name and powers that all the things under the universe came into being. Rahman refers it as the â€Å"fear of God, and piety† (Rahman 18). Muslims are discarding these words because they take the meaning of the words literary. Every person has the freedom to interpret the words in his/her own way. Hence, men have the right to interpret the words the way they wish. However, the words mean honoring and recognizing God as the only one requiring their praise and fear Conclusion Through his book, ‘Major Themes of the Qur’an’, Rahman has managed to simplify the meaning of the Qur’an. He has interpolated the relationship that exists between God and people. Besides, he has gone further to portray some of the principles that God requires people to uphold. Thus, the book is interesting and a must-read based on the way it provides a limelight of what Qur’an entails. Works Cited Rahman, Fazlur. Major themes of Quran. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2009. Print. This research paper on Major Themes of the Qur’an was written and submitted by user Sharon Kaufman to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom Chemical Weapons essay

buy custom Chemical Weapons essay Chemical weapons can as well be termed as weapons of mass destruction (WMDs). These weapons have the ability of killing masses and causing large-scale harm to the human race, man-made structures, and even mountains. The only country to have used such weapons of mass destruction was the United States against Japan during the World War II. The results were catastrophic with over 120,000 people perishing and a further 200 000 people dying due to cancer and other forms of infection due to exposure of the radiations (Prasad, 2009). In general, chemical weapons use the noxious properties of chemical substances relatively to their explosive properties in order to produce physiological effects on the enemy. Chemical weapons fall under three categories: Nerve agents, blister, and choking agents. Types of chemical material weapons: Sarin: This type of chemical mateials were once used by arum terrorists in 1995 to attack the Tokyo subway lines and left twelve people dead plus other 5000 wounded. Cyanides: cyanide is used in many plastic as well as chemical products. It is very toxic and has very high concentration which can lead to rapid death. The US vulnerabilities to chemical weapons Like any other first world country, the US has its own of enemies, and especially most of the terrorist groups. The director of central intelligence in the country once testified that United States was poorly equipped to defend itself against any form of terrorist armed with such chemicals or biological weapons (Prasad, 2009). Nuclear materials have found way into the black markets and that poses great danger to the nations homeland and national security. Terrorist attacks like the September 11th have prroven that the country is vulnerable from attacks either from sea or air. Terrorist developing chemical weapons Its believed some terrorist groups like the al-Qaeda may poses some chemical weapons. This is a great dander to many nations who are in fight against terrorism and a danger to countries who are allies to the US to. During the Iran-Iraq war in 1991 its believed that Iran used some chemical nerve agents against Iraq. With attacks in Tokyo subways by the Arum terrorist group, whereby chemical materials were used it shows the great length these people can god to distort a nations security and harm people (Prasad, 2009). Chemical weapons are therefore very dangerous and should not be used in any situation. Any form of warfare involving the use of such weapon can result in catastrophic effects, deaths, destruction of nature and even man-made features. Buy custom Chemical Weapons essay

Jerusalem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jerusalem - Essay Example Being at the center of the Israel – Palestine dispute, the city has been besieged twenty-three times, destroyed twice, attacked 52 times and captured and recaptured about 44 times, its status still an unresolved matter at the core of the two disputing countries (Bard, 2009). The annexation of East Jerusalem by Israel has been criticized by the United Nations (UN) and other international bodies, while Palestinians demand East Jerusalem as the capital of their future state, creating the now stalemate status of the conflict (ibid.). A UN Security Council Resolution 478 passed in 1980 gave the signal for most foreign embassies to move out of Jerusalem, and, on October 28, 2009, the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon emphasized on the need for Israel and Palestine to agree on having Jerusalem as their mutual capital to achieve peace in the region (UN News Center online, 28 October 2009). Jerusalem must remain an undivided city, and the eternal capital of Israel under the Israeli control, since it rightfully belongs to the Israelis by historical and by religious significance as well as based on political and socio-demographic accounts. Politically, Jerusalem has been declared as Israel’s own. In the 1993 Israeli-Palestinian Declaration of Principles (DoP), the status of Jerusalem is left open, but that Palestinian Council’s jurisdiction does not include the city, as confirmed by the Prime Minister Rabin statement that Jerusalem is not included in any sphere of the prerogatives of any body that will conduct Palestinian affairs in the territories, leaving Jerusalem under Israeli sovereignty (Bard, 2009). Further, the same agreement states that the final status of Jerusalem will be based on the UN Security Council’s Resolutions 242 and 338, which both do not mention and refer to Jerusalem in any way, as it deliberately omitted by the UN Security Cou ncil (Ibid.). Likewise, historically

Buying gold during a rescission its a good idea Research Paper

Buying gold during a rescission its a good idea - Research Paper Example At the same time gold prices are raising sharply and many of the current investors believe that investments on gold may bring better returns to them in future. This paper argues in favor of buying gold as the safe investment option during a recession period â€Å"When you see the Fed start buying their own treasuries from China and Japan, hyperinflation and default will be just around the corner. Gold and Silver provide the peace of mind one will need whenever that day arrives† (Eberhardt, p.26). Even though the prices of gold and silver experienced certain ups and downs in the past, no major collapse of gold prices has been reported yet. Most of the emerging countries like China and India are purchasing more gold and keeping a good gold stock. When we compare the current stock market conditions and the conditions of the banking industry against the current gold industry trends, investments in gold seems to be the right option. â€Å"When it came to the extreme stock market c onditions, people ran to the safe haven of gold† (Eberhardt, p.146). In order to learn more about the potentials of gold as a safe investment option, it is necessary to identify the differences between money and currency. Many people are of the view that both money and currency are the same things. This is an illusion. â€Å"A currency does not store value in and of itself.

Preparing a business case - health care centre in Sydney Coursework

Preparing a business case - health care centre in Sydney - Coursework Example ..13-14 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..16 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..16-17 Appendices†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.18-20 1.0 Executive Summary The need to improve on the availability of affordable and reliable health care services for the city residents is an issue of paramount importance considering that few health care facilities are available in the city. The few health care facilities cannot cater for the city population, which stands at over two million and continues to double every d ecade. Upon completion, Royal health centre will be in the capacity to serve this population. Royal Health Centre’s main goal is to offer affordable medical services to the city dwellers in order to solve the problem of congestion on the available health facilities. The centre will mainly focus on providing quality health care and prescription medication to the middle and low-income residents. Royal health centre will provide both inpatients and outpatient services on a small-scale basis. A community elected board consisting of six individuals will manage the health centre. A Chief Executive Officer who will report to Board of Directors will manage the health centre as the head of the facility. The office of the Board of Directors is elective and shall consist of individuals residing in the city. The Chief Executive Officer is an appointee of the Board of Directors and should be a qualified doctor. The board shall also employ nine more employees to help in the day to day runn ing of the facility. The Chief Executive Officer is Dr. Franklin. He will be charged with the responsibility of maintaining high medical standards in addition to creating a feasible cost-effective medical practice. He will also be in-charge of diagnosis and treatment of ailments whilst focusing on preventive medication and general wellness of patients. The facility will make use of modern medical equipment as well as highly trained medical personnel. 2.0 Introduction Royal health centre will endeavour to provide optimal health care and well-being of individual patients, for instance, a nutritionist who will be employed shall advise on recommended diet. Complicated health conditions that require complex procedures shall be attended after a careful analysis of risks and benefits which must be in written consent. Where treatment of a complication is not possible at Royal health centre, Dr. Franklin will give referral to specialists for further diagnosis and treatment. Dr. Franklin will be assisted by five other doctors, a nutritionist, a medical lab specialist, a cleaner and a receptionist. It is worth noting that marketing is a matter of paramount importance bearing in mind the need to serve the large population. The strategy combines the use of two media; print and electronic. It will in future explore the possibility of using promotional events. On financial matters, the health centre will depend on funding from the National Medical Service. The funding will cater for initial operational cost as well as staff remuneration and payroll taxes. Our anticipation is to have patient influx increase with time this will increase the revenue.

Analysis on Tristram Shandys Paradox

Analysis on Tristram Shandys Paradox Tristram Shandys Paradox According to an Encyclopedia entry on NationMaster.com (2009) it is generally considered that the publications of Laurence Sternes The Life and Opinion of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman had a dominant effect on literature of that time. Like his contemporary writers, Sterne debated publicly upon the boundary between literature and philosophy, thats why his book is filled with allusions and references to philosophers, critics and writers of the 17th and 18th centuries namely: Pope, Locke, and Swift. It seems that those leading thinkers influenced Sternes The Life and Opinion of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman immensely. For instance, sagacious â€Å"Lockes Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) contributed ideas and frameworks that Sterne explored throughout his novel, thus showing his engagement with the science and philosophy of his day: Pray, Sir, in all the reading which you have ever read, did you ever read such a book as Lockes Essay upon the Human Understanding? Dont answer me rashlybecause many, I know, quote the book, who have not read itand many have read it who understand it not:If either of these is your case, as I write to instruct, I will tell you in three words what the book is. It is a history.A history! of who? what? where? when? Dont hurry yourselfIt is a history-book, Sir, (which may possibly recommend it to the world) of what passes in a mans own mind; and if you will say so much of the book, and no more, believe me, you will cut no contemptible figure in a metaphysick circle. (Tristram Shandy, ch. 1 XXVII, p. 40) Many people believe that Sternes novelThe Life and Opinion of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman differs drastically from the contemporary literature of both Defoe and Richardson by his methods of narrative construction and exploration of the external world. Tristram Shandy is presented in the very act of creation and change by rejecting realism, but examining inner states of consciousness. In addition, what sets Tristram Shandy apart from its contemporary fiction is the use of language. It appears to me that this novel is an example of â€Å"process writing to the moment† where time is tied to and belongs to the protagonist. That kind of process writing in Lawrence Sternes novel, where the persona of author is trying desperately to write his autobiography, leads to one of the time paradoxes. It takes Tristram Shandy one year to record the events of a single day of his life. Tristram laments that, at this rate, he will never finish. I am this month one whole year older than I was this time twelve-month; and having got, as you perceive, almost into the middle of the fourth volume–and no farther than to my first days day–‘tis demonstrative that I have three hundred and sixty-four more days to write just now, than when I first set out; so that instead of advancing, as a common writer, in my work with what I have been doing at it–on the contrary, I am just thrown so many volumes back–was every day of my life to be as busy as this–And why not?–and the transactions and opinions of it to take up as much description–And for what reason should they be cut short? at this rate I should just live 364 times faster than I should write–It must follow, an please your worships, that the more I write, the more I shall have to write–and consequently, the more your worships read, the more your worships will have to read (Tristram Shandy, ch. 2 XVLIII, p. 126) In order to link Tristram Shandys writing process with time paradoxes, I will briefly outline the background to Bertrand Russells theory. In his book The Principles of Mathematics,chapter XLIII on the philosophy of the infinite his analysis consists of the inquiry â€Å"whether any contradiction can be found in the notion of infinite.† In this specific chapter Russells crucial points are focused on the semantical and set-theoretical paradoxes or â€Å"antinomies† as he calls them. The twentieth century philosopher, Bertrand Russell claimed that if Tristram Shandy were immortal he would be able to finish his autobiography. Russells assertion that Tristram would be able to complete this seemingly impossible task is the source of the Tristram Shandy paradox. And thus Russell concludes: Tristram Shandy, as we know, took two years writing the history of the first two days of his life, and lamented that, at this rate, material would accumulate faster than he could deal with it, so that he could never come to an end. Now I maintain that, if he had lived for ever, and not wearied of his task, then, even if his life had continued as eventfully as it began, no part of his biography would have remained unwritten. This paradox, which, as I shall show, is strictly correlative to the Achilles, may be called for convenience the Tristram Shandy. (Russell, p. 358) Russells theory consists of two powerful components in the Tristram Shandy paradox—the number of days that Tristram lives and the number of days required writing about those days. The sum of those two quantities will logically give us the number of days Tristram needs to complete his autobiography. Assuming that Tristram were indeed immortal, then the number of days in his life would be infinite. If that were the case, the second quantity, the number of days it takes him to write about his life, would also be infinite as well as the sum of those two quantities. Thus we can conclude that, Tristram needs an infinite number of days to finish his autobiography. Given he were immortal, he would have an infinite number of days in which to write. Therefore, the key aspect of Russells argument is the capability of an immortal Tristram Shandy finishing his autobiography, since the number of days in his life is equivalent to the number of days required to write about his life as they ar e both infinite. As far as Russells argument is concerned, it is not totally accepted. Many of his critics contend that Tristram Shandy could not possibly finish his autobiography even if he were immortal. Again, assuming that it takes Tristram one year to record the events of one day of his life, then each day that Tristram lives adds a year to the time needed to complete his task, thus causing him to fall another year behind with each passing day. As a result, in this situation the amount of time needed for Tristram to write his autobiography is increasing faster than the amount of time he actually has in which to write. It would simply cause him to fall infinitely far behind. Hence, according to critics of Russells argument the immortality would not allow the protagonist, Tristram, to complete his task. I strongly believe that both arguments outlined above are consistent as well as logically valid due to the case of the Tristram Shandy paradox. Nevertheless bearing in mind the previous points it could be said that the paradox discovered by Bertrand Russell in 1901 suggested that actual infinity was not an issue to dismiss due to the uncertain nature of infinity. I suppose that Tristram Shandys paradox emphasizes the basic problem in getting to grips with infinity which has always been a remarkable enchantment for great philosophers and writers throughout history in its notion of unending space and distance, God and eternity, time and duration. â€Å"To understand what time is aright, without which we never can comprehend infinity, insomuch as one is a portion of the otherwe ought seriously to sit down and consider what idea it is we have of duration, so as to give a satisfactory account how we came by it. What is that to any body? quoth my uncle Toby. (Vide Locke.)† (Tristram Shandy, ch. 2 XI, p. 84) It is necessary to note that Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher, provided a main key by introducing the terms actual infinite and potential infinite in an attempt to distinguish between the two. He strongly believed that the completed or actual infinite could not exist. While on the other hand, potential infinite might be represented as a manifest in nature. There has been debate as to whether infinity is a reality or an idea. Rucker in his chapter 1 on Infinity helps us in characterizing it as follows â€Å"Aristotle would say that the set of natural numbers is potentially infinite, since there is no largest natural number, but he would deny that the set is actually infinite, since it does not exist as one finished thing.†(p. 3) Later on Rucker ends up suggesting that Aristotles belief is a â€Å"doubtful distinction† agreeing with Cantors opinion that â€Å"†¦in truth the potentially infinite has only a borrowed reality, insofar as a potentially infinite c oncept always points towards a logically prior actually infinite concept whose existence it depends on.†(p. 3) In other words an actual infinite is not like a potential one which is growing to the infinity as a limit, although giving a collection which is finite in time at every point. If this is the case that potential infinite is growing to the infinite limit then I do believe in its existence. But as far as completed infinite is concerned, my supposition will be negative. I oppose to the fact that actual infinite exists. The concept of actual infinite seems to me as an idea or a succession of ideas in our mind while the notion of potential infinite is represented by the future. Granted that Tristram Shandy wrote one day of his autobiography for 365 days then in general what this will indicate is the sum of the two equivalents which would be constantly finite but increasing to the infinity as a limit. Thus I assume that a profound analysis of the Tristram Shandys paradox explained by Russell proves my suggestion that the narrator, Tristram Shandy, would never reach the completed or actual infinite. Hence he would never finish his autobiography.